The Scandinavian concept of “hygge” has inspired books, emblazoned pajama sets, and has even been recreated as a scented candle fragrance. But there’s way more to Scandinavian design than cozy socks and an open fire.

Scandinavian architecture is some of the best in the world, thanks to its timeless style and functional, eco-conscious applications.

Here’s everything you need to know about Scandi architecture — from its roots in the Middle Ages to its most distinguishable features.

A (very) brief history of Scandinavian architecture

Scandinavia has a looooong history. So it’s no surprise to hear that Scandi architecture has roots that can be traced all the way back to the Iron Age.

King Harald Bluetooth — who ruled over Denmark and parts of Sweden in the 900s — notably built fortresses, churches, and settlements that became cities we know and love. But, of course, his style wasn’t exactly what we know from the Scandi aesthetic today!

Interestingly enough, there wasn’t much to distinguish Scandinavian architecture from the rest of Western Europe right the way up until the 20th century. The key tenets of Scandinavian architecture emerged around this time out of function and necessity — and that ethos is still reflected in its distinctive style today.

20th and 21st century Scandinavian buildings are built with their unique climate in mind. In winter there’s only a few hours of sunlight a day, so maximizing natural light is key. Scandi architects also build not only to withstand the elements, but to embrace nature in a respectful way.

Modern Scandinavian architecture as we know it

Scandinavian architects began looking outside the box in the 1900s, away from the more traditional buildings found in neighboring countries like France and Germany. Technological advancements meant they could get creative with materials and techniques, drawing inspiration from a number of other architectural styles around the globe.

For several decades in the mid 20th century, Scandi architecture was dominated by the Functionalism style, born out of Sweden. It was a minimalist, function-driven aesthetic, but Scandinavian architects managed to bring a touch of elegance and beauty to these buildings that was noticeably absent in other countries.

The Scandi architecture style as we know it today is modern and innovative — built with harsh climates and environmental sustainability in mind, without compromising on artistic flair and design.

The classic looks and features of Scandinavian architecture

Natural light

In places where winter daylight sometimes only lasts for a couple of hours, architects have to really embrace natural lighting. Modern Scandi designs incorporate huge windows and skylights, translucent walls, and even glass roofs.

Another hallmark of Scandi architecture is the use of light colored building materials for interiors, which will reflect available light and make for a brighter space.

Comfort

Again, the harsh winter climate comes into play here. Scandinavians spend a lot of time indoors during the colder months, so have come to embrace comforting touches in their homes (there’s that “hygge” word again!)

A lot of this is done through interior design, but some architects choose to incorporate cozy nooks into their homes — perfect for curling up in with a good book and a warm tea.

Energy efficiency

Scandi designs stand out in terms of environmentalism, with a real focus on energy efficiency. What started out as necessity has now grown into a key feature of the region’s architectural style.

A building is often designed with its carbon footprint in mind, and will be constructed consciously to respect the environment.

Clean and simple

The Scandi style is characterized by clean and sleek lines. It’s minimalist, but still incorporates eye-catching elements like curved walls or a wavy roof inspired by nature.

4 beautiful examples of Scandinavian architecture

There are amazing examples of Scandi architecture all through northern Europe and the rest of the world. Here are just some of our favorites:

Stockholm City Hall and Stockholm Public Library are two beloved buildings, built in the 1920s, that embody the Swedish Grace style that was emerging at the time. You can see that they’re built with function in mind, but bring in stylish elements for an organic edge — like the library’s curved reading room (above).

The Strömkajen Ferry Terminal, built in 2013, is an astounding feat of Scandi architecture. It’s an undeniably contemporary structure, but incorporates a copper-zinc-alloy called tombac which helps it fit in nicely with the historic waterfront surroundings.

The Mirrorcube, part of the tree hotel in northern Sweden, is a prime example of Scandi architecture. The eco-friendly cube is built up into the trees, designed to be almost hidden from view. It’s a visually stunning feat, while still being practical and honoring the environment.

The Sydney Opera House is one of the best-known Danish architectural exports, designed in the 1970s by Jørn Utzon. It’s said he was inspired by arranging orange segments to get the iconic building shape that’s recognized around the world.

Scandi in the USA?

While we may not get the same chilly winters here in California, the clean lines and soft curves of the Scandi aesthetic could be just as much at home in the Hollywood Hills. Maybe you’re bold enough to give it a go?

Head over to the Titanium Space blog and check out our other architecture design guides, including Mid-Century Modern, Warehouse Chic and American Farmhouse. If Scandinavian design isn’t really your thing, maybe one of those is. See you there!

What is Scandinavian architecture? 4 defining styles from Sweden, Denmark and Norway